网络编程


概述

计算机网络

计算机网络是指将==地理位置不同==的具有独立功能的==多台计算机及其外部设备,通过通信线路连接起来==,在网络操作系统,网络管理软件,及==网络通信协议==的管理和协调下,==实现资源共享==和信息传递的计算机系统

网络编程的目的

无线电台…传播交流信息,==数据交换==,==通信==

网络通信的要素

  1. 网络编程中两个主要问题
    • 如何准确定位到网络上的一台或者多台主机
    • 找到主机之后如何进行通信
  2. 网络编程中的要素
    • IP 和 端口号
    • 网络通信协议
  3. Java,万物皆对象
OSI七层网络模型 TCP/IP四层概念模型 对应网络协议
应用层 应用层 HTTP、TFTP,FTP,NFS,WAIS、SMTP
表示层 应用层 Telnet,Rlogin,SNMP,Gopher
会话层 应用层 SMTP,DNS
传输层 传输层 TCP,UDP
网络层 网络层 IP,ICMP,ARP,RARP,AKP,UUCP
数据链路层 数据链路层 FDDI,Ethernet,Arpanet,PDN,SLIP,PPP
物理层 数据链路层 IEEE 802.1A,IEEE 802.2到IEEE 802.11

IP

ip地址:InetAddress

  • 唯一定位一台网络上计算机

  • 127.0.0.1:本机localhost

  • ip地址的分类

    • ipv4 / ipv6·

      • ==IPV4== 127.0.0.1 ,4个字节组成 。0~255,42亿 ;30亿在北美,亚洲4亿。2011年就用尽
      • ==IPV6== fe80::45b5:d8c3:c002:7b9f%21 :128位,8个无符号整数
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      2001:0bb2:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa
    • 公网(互联网) - 私网(局域网)

      • ABCD类地址
      • 192.168.xx.xx,专门给组织内部使用的
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public class TestIp {
public static void main(String[] args) throws UnknownHostException {
//查询本机地址
InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
System.out.println(inetAddress1);
InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println(inetAddress2);
InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(inetAddress3);
System.out.println(inetAddress3.getHostName());
//查询网站ip地址
InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
System.out.println(inetAddress4);

//常用方法
System.out.println(inetAddress4.getAddress());
System.out.println(inetAddress4.getCanonicalHostName()); //规范的名字
System.out.println(inetAddress4.getHostAddress()); //ip
System.out.println(inetAddress4.getHostName()); //域名,或者自己电脑的名字
}
}

端口

端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程

  • 不同的进程有不同的端口号,用来区分软件

  • 被规定 0 ~65535

  • TCP,UDP:65535*2,单个协议下,端口号不能冲突

  • 端口分类

    • 共有端口 0~1023
      • HTTP:80
      • HTTPS:443
      • FTP:21
      • Telent:23
    • 程序注册端口: 1024~49151,分配用户或者程序
      • Tomcat:8080
      • MySQL: 3306
      • Oracle: 1521
    • 动态、私有: 49152~65535
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    netstat -ano //查看所有的端口
    netstat -ano|findstr "" #查看指定的端口
    tasklist|findstr "" #查看指定端口的进程
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    public class TestInetSocketAddress {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
    InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1",8080);
    System.out.println(inetSocketAddress);

    System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getAddress());
    System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getHostName());
    System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getPort());
    }
    }

通信协议

协议:约定,就好比我们现在说的时普通话

网络通信协议:速率、传输码率,代码结构,传输控制。。。

问题:非常的复杂?

大事化小:分层!

TCP、IP协议簇 实际上是一组协议

重要:

  • TCP:用户传输协议
  • UDP:用户数据报协议

出名的协议:

  • TCP

  • IP:网络互连协议

TCP UDP对比

TCP:打电话

  • 连接,稳定

  • ==三次握手,四次挥手==

    • ```
      最少需要三次,保证稳定连接!
      A:你瞅啥?
      B:瞅你咋地?
      A:干一场!

      A:我要走了
      B:你真的要走了吗?
      B:你真的真的要走了吗?
      A:我真的要走了

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      - 客户端,服务端

      - 传输完成,释放连接,效率低

      UDP:发短信

      - 不连接,不稳定
      - 客户端、服务端,没有明确的界限
      - 不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你

      # TCP

      客户端

      1. 连接服务器Socket
      2. 发送消息

      public class TcpClientDemo1 {
      public static void main(String[] args) {

      Socket socket = null;
      OutputStream os = null;
      try {
          //1.要知道服务器的地址,端口号
          InetAddress severIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
          int port = 9999;
          //2. 创建一个socket连接
          socket = new Socket(severIP,port);
          //3. 发送消息 IO流
          os = socket.getOutputStream();
          os.write("hello".getBytes());
      } catch (Exception e) {
          e.printStackTrace();
      } finally {
          if(os!=null){
              try {
                  os.close();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
          if(socket!=null){
              try {
                  socket.close();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
      }
      

      }
      }

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      服务端

      1. 建立服务的端口 ServerSocket
      2. 等待用户的链接 accept
      3. 接受用的消息

      public class TcpServerDemo1 {
      public static void main(String[] args) {

      ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
      Socket socket = null;
      InputStream is = null;
      ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
      
      try {
          //1. 我得有一个地址
          serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
          //2. 等待客户端连接过来
          socket = serverSocket.accept();
          //3. 读取客户端的信息
          is = socket.getInputStream();
      
          // 管道流
          baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
          byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
          int len;
          while((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
              baos.write(buffer,0,len);
          }
          System.out.println(baos.toString());
      } catch (IOException e) {
          e.printStackTrace();
      } finally {
          //关闭管道
          if(baos!=null){
              try {
                  baos.close();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
          if(is!=null){
              try {
                  is.close();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
          if(socket!=null){
              try {
                  socket.close();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
          if(serverSocket!=null){
              try {
                  serverSocket.close();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
          }
      }
      

      }
      }

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      服务端2:

      public class TcpServerDemo2 {
      public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

      //1.创建服务
      ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
      //2.监听客户端的连接
      Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听,会一直等待客户端连接
      //3. 获取输入流
      InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
      
      //文件输出
      FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.jpg"));
      byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
      int len;
      while((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
          fos.write(buffer,0,len);
      }
      
      //通知客户端我接受完毕了
      OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
      os.write("我接收完毕了,你可以断开了".getBytes());
      
      //关闭资源
      fos.close();
      is.close();
      socket.close();
      serverSocket.close();
      

      }
      }

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      客户端:

      public class TcpClientDemo2 {
      public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

      //1.创建一个Socket连接
      Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"),9000);
      //2.创建一个输出流
      OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
      
      //3.读取文件
      FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("2.jpg"));
      //4.写出文件
      byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
      int len;
      while((len = fis.read(buffer)) != -1){
          os.write(buffer,0,len);
      }
      
      //通知服务器端,我已经结束了
      socket.shutdownOutput();//我已经传输完了
      
      //确定服务器接受完毕,才能够断开连接
      InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
      
      ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
      
      byte[] buffer1 = new byte[1024];
      int len1;
      while((len1 = inputStream.read(buffer1)) != -1){
          baos.write(buffer1,0,len1);
      }
      
      System.out.println(baos.toString());
      
      //5.关闭资源
      baos.close();
      inputStream.close();
      fis.close();
      os.close();
      socket.close();
      

      }
      }

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      服务端

      - 自定义 S
      - Tomca服务器S:java后台开发

      客户端

      - 自定义C
      - 浏览器B

      # UDP

      发短信:不用连接,需要知道对方的地址

      ## 发消息

      发送端

      public class UDPClientDemo1 {
      public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

      //1.建立一个Socket
      DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
      
      //2.建一个包
      String msg = "hello";
      InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
      int port = 9090;
      
      // 数据,数据的长度其实,要发送给谁
      DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(),0,msg.getBytes().length,localhost,port);
      
      //3.发送包
      socket.send(packet);
      
      //4,关闭流
      socket.close();
      

      }
      }

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      接收端:

      public class UDPServerDemo1 {
      public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

      //开放端口
      DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
      
      //接收数据包
      byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
      DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer,0,buffer.length);
      
      socket.receive(packet);
      
      System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0, packet.getLength()));
      
      //关闭连接
      socket.close();
      

      }
      }

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## 咨询

发送:

public class UdpSenderDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);

    BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

    while(true){
        String data = reader.readLine();
        byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",6666));

        socket.send(packet);
        if(data.equals("bye"))
            break;
    }
    socket.close();
}

}

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接收:

public class UdpReceiveDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);

    while(true){
        byte[] container = new byte[1024];
        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
        socket.receive(packet);

        byte[] data = packet.getData();
        String receiveData = new String(data,0, packet.getLength());

        System.out.println(receiveData);

        if(receiveData.equals("bye"))
            break;
    }

    socket.close();

}

}

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## 在线咨询

双方都可以是接收方和发送方

发送:

public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;

public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
    this.fromPort = fromPort;
    this.toIP = toIP;
    this.toPort = toPort;

    try {
        socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
        reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    } catch (SocketException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

@Override
public void run() {
    while(true){
        try {
            String data = reader.readLine();
            byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress(toIP,toPort));
            socket.send(packet);
            if(data.equals("bye"))
                break;
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    socket.close();
}

}

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接受:

public class TalkReceive implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket;
private int port;
private String msgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port,String msgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

@Override
public void run() {

    while(true){
        try {
            byte[] container = new byte[1024];
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
            socket.receive(packet);

            byte[] data = packet.getData();
            String receiveData = new String(data,0, packet.getLength());

            System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);

            if(receiveData.equals("bye"))
                break;
        } catch (IOException e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    }

    socket.close();
}

}

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老师:

public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,”localhost”,8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,”学生”)).start();
}
}

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学生:

public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,”localhost”,9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,”老师”)).start();
}
}

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# URL

https://www.baidu.com/

统一资源定位符:定位资源的,定位互联网上的某一个资源

DNS域名接卸 www.baidu.com xxxx.x..x..x



下载歌曲

public class UrlDown {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
//1.下载地址
URL url = new URL(“https://m701.music.126.net/20220103163559/34035e16b568e584fc1a4af8e9e11d2a/jdyyaac/obj/w5rDlsOJwrLDjj7CmsOj/12363006618/c2c0/d110/d2c9/cb83a1f691acdef8448dd8d6639ac2a7.m4a");

    //2.连接这个资源 HTTP
    HttpURLConnection httpURLConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();

    InputStream inputStream = httpURLConnection.getInputStream();
    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("E:\\javadProgram\\javaIOTest\\music\\changanxing.m4a");

    byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
    int len;
    while((len = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1){
        fos.write(buffer,0,len);
    }

    fos.close();
    inputStream.close();
    httpURLConnection.disconnect();
}

}