概述
计算机网络
计算机网络是指将==地理位置不同==的具有独立功能的==多台计算机及其外部设备,通过通信线路连接起来==,在网络操作系统,网络管理软件,及==网络通信协议==的管理和协调下,==实现资源共享==和信息传递的计算机系统
网络编程的目的
无线电台…传播交流信息,==数据交换==,==通信==
网络通信的要素
- 网络编程中两个主要问题
- 如何准确定位到网络上的一台或者多台主机
- 找到主机之后如何进行通信
- 网络编程中的要素
- IP 和 端口号
- 网络通信协议
- Java,万物皆对象
OSI七层网络模型 | TCP/IP四层概念模型 | 对应网络协议 |
---|---|---|
应用层 | 应用层 | HTTP、TFTP,FTP,NFS,WAIS、SMTP |
表示层 | 应用层 | Telnet,Rlogin,SNMP,Gopher |
会话层 | 应用层 | SMTP,DNS |
传输层 | 传输层 | TCP,UDP |
网络层 | 网络层 | IP,ICMP,ARP,RARP,AKP,UUCP |
数据链路层 | 数据链路层 | FDDI,Ethernet,Arpanet,PDN,SLIP,PPP |
物理层 | 数据链路层 | IEEE 802.1A,IEEE 802.2到IEEE 802.11 |
IP
ip地址:InetAddress
唯一定位一台网络上计算机
127.0.0.1:本机localhost
ip地址的分类
ipv4 / ipv6·
- ==IPV4== 127.0.0.1 ,4个字节组成 。0~255,42亿 ;30亿在北美,亚洲4亿。2011年就用尽
- ==IPV6== fe80::45b5:d8c3:c002:7b9f%21 :128位,8个无符号整数
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2001:0bb2:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa:aaaa
公网(互联网) - 私网(局域网)
- ABCD类地址
- 192.168.xx.xx,专门给组织内部使用的
1 | public class TestIp { |
端口
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程
不同的进程有不同的端口号,用来区分软件
被规定 0 ~65535
TCP,UDP:65535*2,单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
端口分类
- 共有端口 0~1023
- HTTP:80
- HTTPS:443
- FTP:21
- Telent:23
- 程序注册端口: 1024~49151,分配用户或者程序
- Tomcat:8080
- MySQL: 3306
- Oracle: 1521
- 动态、私有: 49152~65535
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3netstat -ano //查看所有的端口
netstat -ano|findstr "" #查看指定的端口
tasklist|findstr "" #查看指定端口的进程1
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10public class TestInetSocketAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1",8080);
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress);
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getAddress());
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getHostName());
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getPort());
}
}- 共有端口 0~1023
通信协议
协议:约定,就好比我们现在说的时普通话
网络通信协议:速率、传输码率,代码结构,传输控制。。。
问题:非常的复杂?
大事化小:分层!
TCP、IP协议簇 实际上是一组协议
重要:
- TCP:用户传输协议
- UDP:用户数据报协议
出名的协议:
TCP
IP:网络互连协议
TCP UDP对比
TCP:打电话
连接,稳定
==三次握手,四次挥手==
```
最少需要三次,保证稳定连接!
A:你瞅啥?
B:瞅你咋地?
A:干一场!A:我要走了
B:你真的要走了吗?
B:你真的真的要走了吗?
A:我真的要走了1
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- 客户端,服务端
- 传输完成,释放连接,效率低
UDP:发短信
- 不连接,不稳定
- 客户端、服务端,没有明确的界限
- 不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你
# TCP
客户端
1. 连接服务器Socket
2. 发送消息public class TcpClientDemo1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {Socket socket = null; OutputStream os = null; try { //1.要知道服务器的地址,端口号 InetAddress severIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"); int port = 9999; //2. 创建一个socket连接 socket = new Socket(severIP,port); //3. 发送消息 IO流 os = socket.getOutputStream(); os.write("hello".getBytes()); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { if(os!=null){ try { os.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } if(socket!=null){ try { socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
}
}1
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服务端
1. 建立服务的端口 ServerSocket
2. 等待用户的链接 accept
3. 接受用的消息public class TcpServerDemo1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {ServerSocket serverSocket = null; Socket socket = null; InputStream is = null; ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null; try { //1. 我得有一个地址 serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999); //2. 等待客户端连接过来 socket = serverSocket.accept(); //3. 读取客户端的信息 is = socket.getInputStream(); // 管道流 baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; int len; while((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){ baos.write(buffer,0,len); } System.out.println(baos.toString()); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { //关闭管道 if(baos!=null){ try { baos.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } if(is!=null){ try { is.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } if(socket!=null){ try { socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } if(serverSocket!=null){ try { serverSocket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
}
}1
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服务端2:public class TcpServerDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {//1.创建服务 ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000); //2.监听客户端的连接 Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听,会一直等待客户端连接 //3. 获取输入流 InputStream is = socket.getInputStream(); //文件输出 FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.jpg")); byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; int len; while((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){ fos.write(buffer,0,len); } //通知客户端我接受完毕了 OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream(); os.write("我接收完毕了,你可以断开了".getBytes()); //关闭资源 fos.close(); is.close(); socket.close(); serverSocket.close();
}
}1
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客户端:public class TcpClientDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {//1.创建一个Socket连接 Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"),9000); //2.创建一个输出流 OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream(); //3.读取文件 FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("2.jpg")); //4.写出文件 byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; int len; while((len = fis.read(buffer)) != -1){ os.write(buffer,0,len); } //通知服务器端,我已经结束了 socket.shutdownOutput();//我已经传输完了 //确定服务器接受完毕,才能够断开连接 InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream(); ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); byte[] buffer1 = new byte[1024]; int len1; while((len1 = inputStream.read(buffer1)) != -1){ baos.write(buffer1,0,len1); } System.out.println(baos.toString()); //5.关闭资源 baos.close(); inputStream.close(); fis.close(); os.close(); socket.close();
}
}1
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服务端
- 自定义 S
- Tomca服务器S:java后台开发
客户端
- 自定义C
- 浏览器B
# UDP
发短信:不用连接,需要知道对方的地址
## 发消息
发送端public class UDPClientDemo1 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {//1.建立一个Socket DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(); //2.建一个包 String msg = "hello"; InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost"); int port = 9090; // 数据,数据的长度其实,要发送给谁 DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(),0,msg.getBytes().length,localhost,port); //3.发送包 socket.send(packet); //4,关闭流 socket.close();
}
}1
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接收端:public class UDPServerDemo1 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {//开放端口 DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090); //接收数据包 byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer,0,buffer.length); socket.receive(packet); System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0, packet.getLength())); //关闭连接 socket.close();
}
}
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public class UdpSenderDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while(true){
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",6666));
socket.send(packet);
if(data.equals("bye"))
break;
}
socket.close();
}
}
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public class UdpReceiveDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while(true){
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
socket.receive(packet);
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data,0, packet.getLength());
System.out.println(receiveData);
if(receiveData.equals("bye"))
break;
}
socket.close();
}
}
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public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toPort = toPort;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while(true){
try {
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress(toIP,toPort));
socket.send(packet);
if(data.equals("bye"))
break;
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
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public class TalkReceive implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket;
private int port;
private String msgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port,String msgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while(true){
try {
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
socket.receive(packet);
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data,0, packet.getLength());
System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);
if(receiveData.equals("bye"))
break;
} catch (IOException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
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public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,”localhost”,8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,”学生”)).start();
}
}
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public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,”localhost”,9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,”老师”)).start();
}
}
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public class UrlDown {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
//1.下载地址
URL url = new URL(“https://m701.music.126.net/20220103163559/34035e16b568e584fc1a4af8e9e11d2a/jdyyaac/obj/w5rDlsOJwrLDjj7CmsOj/12363006618/c2c0/d110/d2c9/cb83a1f691acdef8448dd8d6639ac2a7.m4a");
//2.连接这个资源 HTTP
HttpURLConnection httpURLConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
InputStream inputStream = httpURLConnection.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("E:\\javadProgram\\javaIOTest\\music\\changanxing.m4a");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
fos.close();
inputStream.close();
httpURLConnection.disconnect();
}
}